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    Organically grown young maize in a maize farm.  Organic farming has lower heath risk to the farmer and is better for the environment.


    One of the most commonly recognized market niches is the growing demand for organically grown foods. This has been championed by most agricultural organizations including Nuru International which William Wang’era worked for as a field officer for five years at its Isebania, Kuria West branch.


    When Wang’era was forced into early retirement by the organization due to a disease which incapacitated him, he opted into organic maize farming upon getting well using valuable manure from cattle, sheep, goats and chickens he collects from his own flocks and buys some from his colleagues.


    According to him, the skill and experience he got during his tenure is the most important retirement package he garnered from the firm. The money he received as a retirement sendoff was consumed by hospital bills.


    “I was left with no job but happy that I was well again and in the right state of mind so I delved into organic maize farming with no mentionable capital except my skill and experience,” said Wang’era.

    READ ALSO: Low nitrogen and drought tolerant maize gives over 20 bags per acre

    READ ALSO: Market for organic produce

    READ ALSO: Organic farming provides alternatives to failed farm techniques


    By the time he started growing maize, his two acres farm under maize had not been cultivated for about one and a half years giving him the reason for preferring that piece of land out of his six acres land.


    Wang’era ensures that each morning he collects all the cow dung from his cow shed and droppings from the sheep, goats and chickens. These together with swept and collected avocado leaves among other farm trash are dumped into compost pit for decay into manure and further use.


    In addition Wang’era avoids burning or removing maize stovers and other crop residues from the field. The practice of burning crop residues is not allowed in organic farming. Organic farmers leave crop residues on the land as mulch to decompose and return their constituent nutrients.


    “I always keep the farm remains in the farm because they turn into manure with time for the plants use,” said Wang’era.


    Every season he harvests 26 sacks of maize and in a bid to minimize post-harvest losses he buys hermetic maize sacks which he uses to store them.


    During maize shortage, he sells a sack of 90kg between 3, 000-4, 000 shillings to maize stores at Isebania Town. For the villagers who come for small quantities like two kilograms, he sell at Sh150 each.


    Today, an increasing number of consumers are paying more attention to eating healthy and thus are consuming more organically grown produce, according to Chesapeake Fields Institute survey.

     

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    The polythene bag silage method is ideal for smallholder farmers who can make small quantities of silage alongside other chores on the farm. (Pic: KALRO)

    Smallholder dairy farmers in Kenya mainly depend on forages to feed livestock. Forage production is rain-fed; therefore, feed is plenty during the rainy season and scarce during the dry season. Dairy productivity is therefore low in the dry season mainly due to inadequate and low quality forage.

    Preservation of surplus fodder has the potential for increasing or stabilizing milk production in smallholder dairy farms.

    According to a research published by the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Organization, cassava-based silage technology using polythene bags is an option for providing high quality feed for the dry season.

     It offers potential for feed availability through the use of cassava by products (unmarketable cassava roots and leaves), which are not used for human consumption and would otherwise go to waste. The cassava based silage technology is new in coastal Kenya, hence the need for its up- and out- scaling in the region.

    The polythene bag method is a technology of making small quantities of silage in polythene bags. It is ideal for smallholder farmers who can make small quantities of silage alongside other chores on the farm.

     The materials required:

    • Napier grass
    • Cassava leaves
    • Polythene bags gauge 800, size 23 inch width. Heavy gauge recycled bags without holes can be used
    • Fresh or dry cassava chips

    READ ALSO: Sweet potato vines and roots silage offers livestock more proteins

    READ ALSO: Molasses secures livestock silage for over a year for farmers

    READ ALSO: Farmers make silage from sweet potato vines

     Preparation of materials:

    1. Cut Napier grass 75-100 cm high or 4-6 weeks regrowth depending on weather conditions
    2. Harvest cassava leaves.
    3. Allow Napier grass and cassava foliage to stay in the sun for one day to wilt.
    4. Chop Napier grass to about 5 cm (2 inches) using a panga.

     Filling the polythene bag

    1. Fill the polythene bag with forage mixture to 1/3 full.
    2. Sprinkle a layer of cassava chips. The forages can be mixed with cassava chips before filling the bag. The mixture should be in a ratio of 14:5:1 for Napier grass, cassava leaves and dry cassava chips, equivalent to 5:2:1 when fresh cassava chips are used. This is similar to the percentages used for pit silage.
    3. Press the mixture with hands to force out as much air as possible.
    4. Repeat the process until the bag is full leaving room for tying.
    5. Tie the bag with sisal twine or cotton thread.
    6. The fermentation process is complete in three weeks and the silage is ready for use.

     Using silage made in polythene bag

    1. Open the bag to remove adequate feed for the animal for one day and cover the open end immediately.
    2. Feed after milking to avoid milk tainting.
    3. There is no difference in the quality of silage between dry and fresh cassava chips

     Recommended feeding

    Feed 10% of body weight (about 20-30 kg per animal) per day. The silage is used as the basal feed and a concentrate (commercial or home-made dairy meal) should be fed to lactating animals. 

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    salting hides.jpg

    Wet salting is a simple technology of preserving skins using salt.( PIC: Kenya Livestock Marketing Council)

    Farmers in Northern Kenya can improve the quality of their hides and skins by using a new wet salting technology developed by officers at the Kenya Agricultural Research and Livestock Organization (KALRO).

    The quality of hides and skins produced in the pastoral areas is of low quality, mainly attributed to poor curing methods among others in the production value chain. The sun drying method used by pastoralists to cure hides and skins i.e. ground and suspension methods have been responsible for low quality production.

    Dr. Anastasia Kagunyu (Anthropologist, KALRO Sericulture), Mr. Francis Matiri (Rural Development Economist, KALRO-Embu) and Mr. Elias Ngari (Hides and Skins Development Officer, Marsabit) saw the need to introduce wet salting technique to assist the producers, middlemen and traders in improvement of the quality of hides and skins.

    Wet salting is a simple technology of preserving skins using salt to avoid spoilage before they are taken to the tanneries. The best salt for wet salting is industrial salt which is course. The amount of the salt to be applied is 30% of the weight of the hide and skin. Industrial salt reduces the water in hides and skins; it also has an additional protective effect as it penetrates the tissues and inhibits the growth of deteriorating organisms.

    In wet salting, the skins are placed flesh side up in a sheltered area immediately after slaughter where salt (approximately 30% of the weight of the skin), is spread on the flesh side. The next skin is then placed on top and again salted on the flesh side, in, this way both sides of the skin are in contact with salt.

    READ ALSO: Salt supplements prevent diseases in cows after parturition

    READ ALSO: Nakuru farmer increases milk production by letting cows watch TV

    READ ALSO: Vet saves arid area cows with low cost feed preservation

    About 50 skins can be safely stacked in one pile without causing damage to those lower in the pile. One has to ensure that salt is uniformly spread and applied on each area of the skin/hide. It takes 21 days for curing to be complete, but for hotter climates such as northern Kenya, it may take lesser time.

    Without preservation, the hides or skins would spoil before they are received in the tannery. Spoiled hides and skins make bad leathers which may have to be discarded.  Seventy percent of hides and skins exported and utilized for leather tanning in Kenya are produced in the arid and semi-arid areas of Kenya by small holder farmers.

    There is declining market demand for sun dried hides and skins as they produce leather products of poor quality. Due to good quality leather production from wet salted hide and skins, the international and local market demand for wet salted curing method. The prices of wet salted hides and skins are better than for sun dried ones as their prices are more than double.

     At the market level, wet salted hides and skins are preferred as they take a short time to cure and have fewer chemicals. The other advantage of wet salting is that it does not produce bad odor as compared to the sun dried hides and skins.

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