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    grafted passion fruit seedlings kenya

    Farmers can control the lethal fusarium wilt disease with a 100 per cent deadly rate by grafting purple and yellow passion plants to obtain a hybrid.

    The disease, which is caused by a fungus, attacks stems and leaves and causes death of the entire plant within four to 14 days.

    In Kenya, the disease has led to drop in production of passion fruits from 46,628 metric tonnes in 2015 to 31,571 metric tonnes as of 2018 according to the Horticultural Crops Directorate.

    Morris Koome, a farmer in Meru for instance found out that the yellow passion fruit more tolerant to the disease than the purple one and through grafting he found out that they hybrid is less susceptible to wilting.

    The disease commonly attacks adult plants with the first sign being slight withering and drying of the branch tips. The plant will die within 14 days. Root rot as well as cracks at the stem bases are evidences of the disease attack.

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    United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organisation describes the disease, which also attacks bananas, as one of the most destructive infection. It is hard to control even with the available copper-based fungicides and can last for more than 10 years in the soil. 

    Besides using diseases free seedlings, the agency recommends restriction of movement of soil from one place to another. High standards of field hygiene may help combat further spread.

    “Fusarium wilt loves passion fruits. This variety is loved most by consumers because of high content of juice besides appealing appearance. But it is overwhelmed quickly. I am combining yellow and purple varieties to get a hybrid,” said Koome.

    While grafting, Koome uses the yellow root stalk and the purple variety scion.

    "One passion stem gives between five and 10 kilos per week when the plant is at its peak. With proper management practices such as weeding and grafting, I harvest up to 15 kilos a week from the same stem," said Koome.

    Koome, who propagates and sells the seedlings to farmers at Sh50 each says that one requires at least 1,000 stems to cover one acre.

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    goat triplets

    Farmers can control the deadly mange disease in goats by using a new treatment method which involves mixing of crude caster seed oil and tamarind fruit solution.

    The disease is a major killer of goats in the dry areas of Tharaka Nithi and Mbeere regions as it spreads faster and can wipe put the entire flock according to research by the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization.

    The disease is caused by mites that burrow into the skin causing severe itching, loss of fur, dry rough crust, emaciation and death. This causes losses to farmers as they cannot sell skin from an infected goat while at the same time infected meat is discarded.

    In this, use crude castor seed oil (do not use refined castor oil) mixed with tamarind fruit solution, at one tin (two kilos) of castor seed oil to one and half tin (one kilo) of tamarind solution.

    A kilo of tamarind costs roughly Sh149 in Kenya while castor seeds retail at Sh30 per kilo.

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    To prepare the mixture, roast the castor seeds on a pan until they start popping and turning dark then pound the roasted seeds in a mortar or use a grinding stone. Pour them in to a cooking pot and add water then heat it until the oil shows on the surface and remove it to cool.

    As for tamarind fruit, soak the fruit in a bucket of water and stir them to make a thick paste then remove the seed and residues from the paste.

    After both are ready, apply the castor oil with tamarind paste on the animal’s body using a hand brush once every four weeks.

    This method cuts costs by half compared to chemical use and is more effective.

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    maize sunflower intercrop

    Farmers who target off season green maize market may save up to 10 per cent lost to birds besides improving soil fertility in their farms by intercropping maize with sunflower.

    In this, prepare the land in mid-February for early planting in March during the long rainy season. As for the short season prepare the land in mid-July for planting between mid-August/September.

    Single and double row methods of sunflower -maize intercrop are planted at a spacing of 75 cm by 30 cm.

    Fertilizer application is recommended at two handfuls of farm yard manure per hole. Plant one maize seed and three sunflower seeds per hole. To distract birds, plant four rows of sorghum on the edge as guard rows. Thin weak sunflower plants when they attain a height of 15cm leaving just one plant per hole.

    To increase plant vigor and crop yield, weed the plants two to three weeks after germination and repeat after four to five weeks.

    At 40cm, apply Calcium Ammonium Nitrate top dressing fertilizer around the stems of the maize and sunflower plants.

    To further reduce the chances of bird invasion, erect scarecrows to scare away the pests.

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    Some of the diseases that affect the sunflower in the field are yellow blotch and wilting which cause yellowing and distortion of leaves and rotting of the stems, leaves and head respectively.

    Harvesting of sunflower is done when the head turns deep yellow. In this, cut the heads and peg them upside on the stocks until the dry. Alternatively, crush the yellow heads and dry the seeds in the sun for three to five days. After drying, keep the seeds in well aerated stores.

    A farmer can obtain eight - 10 (50 kg bags) of sunflower per and 20 – 25 (90 kg bags) of maize per acre in the intercropping. This reduces dependency on maize, provides feed for dairy and poultry and supports bee keeping.

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